1. Core Cultural Values
Harmony (Wa)
One of the most important Japanese values. Emphasises group harmony over individual expression. Avoiding conflict, public disagreement, or confrontation is considered polite.
Respect & Hierarchy
Strong respect for age, seniority, and social roles. Language itself changes depending on who you are speaking to (keigo – honorific speech). Bowing is a common sign of respect.
Collectivism
Society prioritises the group (family, school, company, community). Decisions are often made collectively rather than individually.
2. Religion & Beliefs
Shinto
Indigenous religion of Japan. Focuses on nature, spirits (kami), and rituals rather than strict doctrines. Shrines, festivals (matsuri), and purification rituals are central.
Buddhism
Introduced from China and Korea. Influences views on life, death, meditation, and funerals. Zen Buddhism strongly shaped Japanese aesthetics and philosophy. Many people practice both Shinto and Buddhism without conflict.
3. Social Etiquette
Politeness
Indirect communication is common. Saying “no” directly is often avoided. Silence can be meaningful and respectful.
Bowing
Used for greetings, apologies, gratitude, and respect. Depth and duration depend on formality.
Shoes
Shoes are removed indoors (homes, temples, some restaurants). Slippers are often provided.
4. Work & Education Culture
Work Culture
Known for long working hours and strong company loyalty. The concept of ganbaru (persevering and doing one’s best) is widely valued. Group success often matters more than individual achievement.
Education
Japanese education is highly competitive and exam-focused, with strong emphasis on discipline, responsibility, and respect for teachers. Students often clean their own classrooms. The common 6-3-3 structure includes nine years of compulsory schooling followed by upper-secondary education that typically requires entrance exams.
5. Traditional Arts & Aesthetics
Key Art Forms
- Tea ceremony (chanoyu) – ritualised preparation of tea
- Ikebana – flower arranging
- Calligraphy (shodō)
- Noh & Kabuki theatre
- Origami
Aesthetic Concepts
- Wabi-sabi – beauty in imperfection and impermanence
- Ma – meaningful use of empty space
- Mono no aware – awareness of the impermanence of life
6. Food Culture
Rice is a staple. Meals focus on balance, seasonality, and presentation. Common foods include sushi, ramen, tempura, and miso soup. Slurping noodles is acceptable and even polite.
7. Modern vs Traditional Japan
Japan blends ancient traditions with cutting-edge technology. Centuries-old temples sit alongside skyscrapers. Pop culture (anime, manga, video games, J-pop) has global influence, while traditional values still shape social and professional life.
8. Festivals (Matsuri)
Often linked to Shinto shrines. Feature traditional clothing (yukata), music, dance, and food stalls. Examples include cherry blossom viewing (hanami) and summer fireworks.
9. Family & Gender Roles (Changing)
Traditionally patriarchal, but roles are evolving as younger generations challenge older norms. Respect for elders remains strong.